Year: 2022

AWARE’s Submission to the Public Consultation on Enhancing Online Safety For Users in Singapore

On 10 August 2022, AWARE made a submission to the Ministry of Communication and Information’s Public Consultation on Enhancing Online Safety For Users in Singapore. Our submission covered a wide range of issues relating to online harms, including technology-facilitated sexual violence (TFSV).

Since 2016, AWARE’s Sexual Assault Care Centre (SACC) has supported 747 clients who experienced TFSV; such cases constitute an average 17% of all SACC cases annually. Given our increased internet usage and children’s exposure to online content at an earlier age, we welcome the government’s recent efforts to tackle online harms, such as last year’s launch of the Alliance for Action to tackle online harms.

However, our approach towards addressing online harms can be further strengthened. Our submission highlighted gaps in the proposed measures for user safety (e.g. the need for greater clarity on content categories) and reporting mechanisms (e.g. the need to make information about take-down processes more accessible). Additionally, more safeguards can be introduced to ensure that young users are adequately protected in online spaces.

The recommendations we made were based on our experiences supporting victim-survivors of TFSV, as well as legislations and bills on online safety in countries such as Australia and the United Kingdom. Our recommendations include:

  • Under “User Safety”, setting out clear definitions and parameters of content categories (such as sexual content and cyberbullying content) and content (such as posts, comments and direct messages).
  • Providing more clarity on disabling users’ access to and/or removing reported content, including timelines for the take-down process and avenues of appeal.
  • Introducing additional safeguards for young users, such as strict enforcement of the minimum age requirement for social media platforms and pornographic websites, mandatory onboarding and the provision of a resource centre.
  • Under “User Reporting and Regulation”, temporarily suspending content once a report is filed, even if investigations have not yet commenced or are ongoing.
  • Under the Content Code for Social Media Services, including sexist and misogynistic speech in the existing list of “extremely harmful content”.

Read our full submission here.

Give maids with eldercare duties more support

This letter was originally published in The Straits Times on 9 August 2022.

Recently, there were two reported incidents of migrant domestic workers with eldercare duties being convicted of harming their care recipients.

No act of violence against anyone, particularly against vulnerable individuals, can be condoned. However, these incidents spotlight the stresses faced by domestic workers who undertake caregiving duties.

A report by the Humanitarian Organisation for Migration Economics and the Association of Women for Action and Research in 2020 aimed to study the “caregiver burden” faced by domestic workers with eldercare duties.

Caregiver burden is the extent to which caregivers perceive the adverse effect that caregiving has on their emotional, social, financial and physical functioning. Those who experience caregiver burden have limited ability to give high-quality care, and have compromised self-efficacy.

The report found that overwork and inadequate rest are common in domestic workers with eldercare duties. They also experience interrupted sleep due to having to respond to their care recipient’s needs at night, such as toileting and medical needs.

Many domestic workers are also given tasks beyond caregiving, such as household chores and cooking, which add to their workload. Many respondents did not have a weekly rest day.

To alleviate overwork, domestic workers should have a weekly 24-hour rest day, and limits on their working hours. Respite care services should also be made more affordable to prevent an over-reliance on domestic workers for caregiving needs.

Migrant domestic worker caregivers lack caregiving-specific information and support. There are currently no dedicated agencies or helplines for domestic workers with caregiving duties. While employment agencies are currently required to do post-placement checks with domestic workers, few are equipped to give caregiving-specific support.

In the light of our ageing population, a growing number of domestic workers in Singapore shoulder eldercare duties. There is an urgent need to ensure that they have access to caregiver support groups and specialised helplines.

Many domestic workers also receive very basic eldercare training, which is usually one-off and does not take evolving care needs into consideration. Before deployment, training should be mandatory for domestic workers undertaking eldercare duties. The Government can consider subsidising the cost of this.

It was recently announced that the President’s Challenge 2023 will focus on caregivers. This move is a recognition of the immense sacrifices made by caregivers to care for their loved ones.

As we shed light on the needs of caregivers and aim to give them better support, it is high time we also provide better support for domestic workers who undertake caregiving duties.

Jaya Anil Kumar
Research and Advocacy Manager
Humanitarian Organisation for Migration Economics

Kimberly Wong
Research Executive
Association of Women for Action and Research

AWARE launches “Sex Ed, Declassified”, an online portal to reliable sexuality education resources for young people

This post was originally published as a press release on 29 July 2022.

On the heels of a widely criticised sexuality education blunder at Hwa Chong Institution, and subsequent public conversation about sex ed in Singapore, gender-equality group AWARE today debuted “Sex Ed, Declassified”, a website designed as an online portal to sexuality education resources.

Targeted at users in their late teens and older, “Sex Ed, Declassified” presents a curated list of resources—websites, YouTube channels, a podcast and more—that AWARE has assessed to be trustworthy, inclusive and non-judgmental. These resources are both international (from countries such as the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and the United States) and Singapore-based, such as Shy, the Health Promotion Board and Transgender SG.

“Sex Ed, Declassified” was borne of AWARE’s belief that everyone has a right to comprehensive sexuality education, and its desire to dispel common myths with accurate, science-based information. The site complements AWARE’s existing sexuality education offerings, such as its Birds & Bees workshop series for parents. It was developed by a team of staff and volunteers, whose process included in-depth conversations with young people who had gone through sex ed in Singapore schools. The respondents explained their worries about the gaps in their knowledge: As one respondent put it, “I’m not even sure what I am supposed to know.”

“We hear it time and again from young people in Singapore: They are simply not receiving the sexuality education they want and need in schools. We also know that parents can be reticent to teach sex ed at home. So where do youths go?” said Kelly Leow, AWARE senior communications manager. “In desperation, many take matters into their own hands and search for information online, which can be a dicey proposition—you might find a credible, progressive platform, or you might stumble upon a web of pseudoscience, misogynistic porn or worse.”

AWARE hopes for “Sex Ed, Declassified” to be an antidote to situations like that which occurred at Hwa Chong Institution in mid-July, when a school counsellor shared a series of inaccurate, homophobic statistics as part of a sexuality education lesson. Following the incident, some members of the public pointed out that the fallacious statistics were derived from unreliable online sources—driving home the challenges faced by not just youths, but also adults, in assessing the validity of online claims.

Website users can navigate five different sections by theme: “Big Picture Stuff”, “Bodies & Health”, “Relationships & Sex”, “Gender & Orientation” and “Singapore Resources”. They can also choose from eight specific concerns in a drop-down menu on the homepage, including “I want to know what consenting to sex looks like”, “I want to know how to come out to loved ones” and “I want to know if I’m in an unhealthy relationship”. Each option pulls up a set of resources to best address those concerns.

17-year-old Tasya, a secondary school student, found “Sex Ed, Declassified” to be “interesting and very useful”. “It has many topics compared to our school’s sex ed. In my school, we have not discussed sex; we have instead focused on relationship-building, romantic or not, and how to manage emotions. It’s eye-opening to see ‘real’ sex ed topics on a website. I think if we were to discuss those in school, it would be awkward.”

“The section on Singapore resources is great because there’s a perception that there are no local sources of help, which is not the case,” said Shean, a 18-year-old polytechnic student. “The fact that the site includes podcasts and videos is amazing. I think that’s a refreshing way to learn more about this topic.”

“Until comprehensive sexuality education is provided by Singapore schools, young people looking to understand consent, sexual pleasure and other topics insufficiently covered in the mainstream syllabus may well use these resources to supplement their learning,” said AWARE’s Ms Leow. “These are far better sources of information, at any rate, than pornography.”

Access “Sex Ed, Declassified” at aware.org.sg/sex-ed-declassified

Grant low-income families greater access to non-subsidised pre-schools, early childhood education

This letter was originally published in The Straits Times on 29 July 2022.

We agree with Ms Lam Yin Yin that pre-school should be made mandatory and provided free for those who are unable to afford it (Consider mandatory pre-school, and make it free for vulnerable children, July 25).

The Association of Women for Action and Research (Aware) has spoken to many low-income mothers who report few vacancies and long waiting lists at the subsidised childcare centres located close to them. At the same time, private childcare centres are inaccessible to them due to the high fees.

This conundrum can prevent mothers from taking up full-time paid employment. In 2021, women formed 62.4 per cent of those outside the labour force, with 38.2 per cent citing housework or caregiving as the main reason for not working. This was in stark contrast to men outside the labour force, of whom only 3.7 per cent cited the same reasons for not working.

At least two low-income single mothers from Aware’s Support, Housing and Enablement (S.H.E.) Project experienced this problem. When they applied for their children to attend childcare centres near them, they were placed on year-long waiting lists. Without anyone else to care for their children, they had no choice but to delay seeking employment.

Making high-quality pre-school accessible would be crucial in increasing mothers’ labour force participation, as they would not have to worry about their children’s safety and well-being when at work.

Additionally, studies have shown that high-quality early childhood education can benefit children in their skill acquisition, improve quality of maternal care, and protect against the development of behavioural problems in children from disadvantaged backgrounds.

We are glad that the KidStart programme provides low-income families with support for child development, such as organising playgroup sessions and helping with pre-school enrolment, in selected neighbourhoods. We hope that the programme can be expanded to be available nationwide so that more families can access it.

We also echo Ms Lam’s call to make pre-school free for lower-income households. Access to high-quality childcare services should be a right of every child.

Meanwhile, to address the current shortage of childcare vacancies, we recommend allowing lower-income families to access non-subsidised childcare centres (including private childcare centres) for free until 2023, when an additional 10,000 new full-day pre-school places will be developed. This scheme could be limited to those who have tried but failed to enrol in subsidised childcare, and therefore would be forced to enrol their children into more expensive centres.

Lee Yoke Mun
Project Executive
AWARE

Questions remain about new Adoption of Children Act

This letter was originally published in The Straits Times on 28 July 2022.

Under the Adoption of Children Act 2022, which was passed in Parliament on May 9, couples seeking to adopt must be married under laws recognised by Singapore.

Later, the Ministry of Social and Family Development (MSF) clarified that single, divorced or widowed persons can apply to adopt alongside married couples, but that their applications would be assessed “on a case-by-case basis”.

The ministry reiterated that the Government “does not encourage planned and deliberate single parenthood as a lifestyle choice”.

The Association of Women for Action and Research has worked extensively with single parents over the years, conducting research into their challenges and providing services. Having observed these parents and their capacity to overcome obstacles, we cannot agree with the Government’s blanket disavowal of single parenthood, or the implication that being legally married somehow makes people better parents.

Here are some other questions we have about the new Act.

First, does the approach outlined by MSF truly put the welfare of children first?

Singapore acceded to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) in 1995. Article 21 of UNCRC states that parties must “ensure that the best interests of the child shall be the paramount consideration” in matters relating to adoption. Does the desire to prioritise parenthood within marriage inadvertently counter that principle, by denying or delaying some children’s access to viable homes?

Second, do the new restrictions constitute a policy change, a codification of existing practice or simply a clarification of policy that was in place under the old Act?

Third, given the additional discretion that single adoption applicants will face, can MSF shed more light on how its case-by-case decisions and suitability assessments will be made?

Though we understand the need for robust criteria for prospective adopters, we have also heard accounts of single mothers whose adoption processes took notably longer, and felt far more onerous, than those of their married counterparts.

It seems only right that these criteria be made publicly available, so that prospective parents can make informed decisions about family planning.

Shailey Hingorani

Head of Research and Advocacy

AWARE

What We Inherit: Growing Up Indian anthology launched by AWARE and Ethos Books, with 1,100 copies sold in advance

This post was originally published as a press release on 16 July 2022.

16 July 2022 – The confines of official racial categorisations. The melancholy of losing one’s mother tongue. The lifelong escape from intergenerational trauma. The discomfort of sexual fetishisation. These are a few of the themes explored in What We Inherit: Growing Up Indian, an anthology launched today.

The 320-page book is published by gender-equality group AWARE and distributed by Ethos Books. To date, more than 1,100 copies of What We Inherit have been sold: close to 400 pre-orders since 21 June 2022, as well as 737 copies that AWARE pre-sold to supporters in late 2021, via Kickstarter and other channels.

A follow-up to AWARE’s anthologies Perempuan (2016) and Growing Up Perempuan (2019), both of which focused on the Malay-Muslim experience, What We Inherit was produced in 2021 during a rise in racially charged incidents against Indians, exacerbated by Covid-19. Editors Shailey Hingorani and Varsha Sivaram aimed to go beyond simply reiterating the existence of racism and discrimination, and instead capture a fuller picture of the intersection of gender and Indian identity.

The result is 38 personal essays and poems, divided into five sections: “What We Inherit”, “What We Endure”, “How We Speak”, “How We Identify” and “How We Find Joy”. These pieces comprise submissions from both writers new to personal non-fiction, and veteran writers, including Akshita Nanda, Balli Kaur Jaswal and Pooja Nansi; former AWARE president Constance Singam, comedian Sharul Channa, artist ila and historian Mandakini Arora. They grappled with such sensitive issues as migration, colourism, microaggressions, domestic violence and menstruation stigma, in addition to more light-hearted fare—Bollywood fandom, Bohri cuisine, Indian classical dance, “kitty parties” and more.

Co-editor Shailey Hingorani, Head of Research and Advocacy at AWARE, said, “Rather than only reading about themselves during news cycles about racism, discrimination or some other pigeonholed experience, we wanted contributors to reflect on their experiences of inheritance, identity and finding joy. We wanted them to feel unencumbered by the expectations typically placed on minority writers—to speak in polite tones, to talk about their experiences in the most accessible terms. What would happen if we removed these constraints? What would happen if women could lean into their anger, let go of ‘shame’ and speak freely? These questions guided the editorial process for What We Inherit.”

AWARE had earlier raised $21,190 from 255 Kickstarter backers to fund a 500-copy print run. The initial print run was increased to 1,500, however, to meet high demand.

“The robust pre-sales for What We Inherit, and the enthusiastic public responses, have been very affirming,” noted Ms Hingorani. “There is evidently a hunger for the candid personal stories this book brings together.”

Beyond What We Inherit, AWARE’s broader Growing Up Indian initiative includes a website with additional stories (to be unveiled in Q4 2022), a new play by Sharul Channa and a workshop series on interviewing and documentary, creative writing and cross-cultural understanding.

Essays in What We Inherit include:

  • “School Colours” by Sujatha Raman, in which the author recounts incidents of racist bullying, at the hands of a teacher, that she witnessed in primary school
  • “Regardless of this Body” by Jaryl George Solomon, in which the author reflects on his search for sexual fulfilment and self-worth as a queer “big Brown boy”
  • “Limpeh Says, You Not a Foreigner Anymore: How a card game became my crash course in Singaporean culture” by Anisha Ralhan, in which a new migrant describes the unexpected key that unlocked her assimilation into the Singapore workplace

What We Inherit will be officially launched on 16 July with a private celebration at 10 Square. The book will subsequently be available in paperback online and in bookstores such as Kinokuniya, Epigram Bookshop and Grassroots Book Room, and as an e-book via Ethos Books. Both versions are priced at $14.02 (before GST), $15.00 (after GST).

What We Inherit on Ethos Books: bit.ly/growingupindian

 

Advance Praise for What We Inherit

“Brimming with nuanced reflexivity, vivacious sparkle, and ultimately, resilient joy, What We Inherit: Growing Up Indian is an essential read, regardless of race.”

– Amanda Lee Koe, author of Ministry of Moral Panic

“The wide-ranging voices in this collection—some funny, others heartbreaking—illuminate topics such as the body, dancing, rituals, fandom and sisterhood. This is a book to gift to those (including ourselves) still catching up with Singapore’s dazzling diversity, with the dedication: start here.”

– Alfian Sa’at, poet and playwright

“This anthology is a work of advocacy grounded in intersectional feminism, a project committed to the integrity of the collective and the individual. The effort is ground-breaking, simply but powerfully, in its intent to surface Indian women’s stories in ‘fullness’ and ‘on their own terms’… The candid and moving vignettes reveal that moments of crisis also carry seeds of inspiration, enabling women to rebuild their lives anew, while pushing boundaries of societal expectations. Above all, I see this anthology as a safe space where Indian women’s voices are heard without rebuke, and their experiences articulated with dignity.”

– Professor Vineeta Sinha, Department of Sociology, NUS

What We Inherit: Growing Up Indian is a timely, relevant and deeply meaningful collection of personal essays, stories and reflections. This beautifully conceived and curated anthology is packed with voices of despair and hope, struggle and freedom, shame and pride. Each contributor shares with the reader their truth, their history, their vulnerability. How specific their stories are, yet how profoundly they resonate.”

– Haresh Sharma, Resident Playwright, The Necessary Stage

“To see a snippet of life through these writers’ eyes is to hold space for a multitude of experiences, both unique and relatable. I laughed, I cried, I learnt and I found strength. Each entry encourages us to challenge the systems we have all inherited… I am also particularly grateful for the mixed-race and queer experiences recorded—I have never before seen these identities sitting on the same page with Indianness in Singapore. It made me feel affirmed and less alone, and I believe any reader will be the better for this crucial book.”

– Jennifer Anne Champion, poet and literary arts educator

“At once intimate and wide-ranging, What We Inherit is a rich portrayal of the histories and lives of Indian women in Singapore. This is an essential read for those who want to gain a deeper understanding of Singapore and Southeast Asia.”

– Jing-Jing Lee, author of How We Disappeared

Thank you to our Growing Up Indian Kickstarter backers!

In November and December 2021, a total of 255 backers pledged $21,190 to our Kickstarter campaign for Growing Up Indian—under which initiative we have published our new anthology book, What We Inherit.

We are immensely grateful to all 255 backers for making this book a reality, but especially the Tier 3 and 4 backers, who pledged $100 and $200 respectively.

Tier 4

Alan John
Arjun Vadrevu
Caesar Sengupta
Chia Juat Ngoh
Chirag Agarwal
Corinna Lim
Cui
Eliza Quek
Eunice Tan
haresh.aswani
Jayne Nadarajoo
Joshua Wong
Khoo Hoon Eng
Lee Tse Liang
Lemony Snicket
Liz
Margaret Thomas
Nabilah Said
Navneet Hingorani
Ng Kok Hoe
Patrick Daniel
Paul Ng
Pranav Sethaputra
Prashant Somosundram
Razy Shah
Richa Hingorani
Sandeep Singh
Shyn Yee
Sonia Pereira
Sugidha Nithiananthan
Tharani
Thilarajah
Vaani
Wynthia Goh

Tier 3

Adrienne Michetti
Alli Arumugam
Cindy Ng
Conor McCoole
Hajar Ismail
Hui Min Teo
Jeremiah Pereira
Kelvin Ang
KY Low
M Tay
Mandakini Arora
Maria Velez
Pavani Nagarajah
Ranveer
Reuben George
Rosemarie Somaiah
Shamla Jeyarajah
Tarin Mithel
Thushara Pillai
Vernie Oliveiro
Xuan


We also want to say an extra-special thanks to the following supporters, who donated significant sums towards Growing Up Indian.

Special thanks to

Ajay and Paramita Bhattacharya
Christopher Chen and Vidula Verma
Fiona Kanagasingam
Shareen Khattar and Sat Pal Khattar
Coonoor Kripalani-Thadani
Arun Mahizhnan
Smitha Menon
Sunita Venkataraman
Sanjeev Namath
Nicholas Narayanan
Sriram Narayanan
Radhecka Roy
Harpreet Singh Nehal
Shivani Retnam and Jaikanth Shankar
Eugene Thuraisingam

Glad that gig workers may be covered by Workplace Injury Compensation Act

This letter was originally published in The Straits Times on 9 July 2022.

The Association of Women for Action and Research is pleased to hear that the advisory committee on platform workers is adopting the principle that a delivery gig worker is not dissimilar from a worker who does delivery work as an employee, if they provide the same services to people (Work Injury Compensation Act may be applied to ’employee-like’ gig workers: Koh Poh Koon, July 5).

In Singapore, paid working relationships are divided into two broad categories: contract of service (an employer-employee relationship) and contract for service (a client-contractor relationship). Workers under contracts for service are not covered by employment-related legislation such as the Employment Act and the Workplace Injury Compensation Act (Wica).

While the Ministry of Manpower’s website lists a few factors for consideration (including who pays for employees’ wages, who provides work equipment and whose account the business is carried out on), there is currently no conclusive test to distinguish these two categories.

This is an issue for platform workers. As Senior Minister of State for Manpower Koh Poh Koon pointed out, these workers are currently categorised under contracts for service, but the nature of their work is closer to that of employees. They lack the professional autonomy of self-employed persons, and their contract terms and wage levels are subject to management controls exerted by the platforms and their algorithms.

Yet these platforms are not obliged to grant them statutory employment benefits and protections.

Many platform workers belong to low-income households. The absence of Central Provident Fund contributions, paid leave and medical benefits does little to alleviate their economic vulnerability.

Since January last year, five platform workers have been involved in fatal work-related traffic accidents. Another 62 sustained work injuries from 2018 to last year that resulted in permanent incapacity. Meanwhile, the insurance amounts paid by Grab, Deliveroo and other platforms fall short of the minimum compensation for employees’ permanent incapacity or accidental death under Wica.

Therefore, it is heartening that the Government is considering the committee’s recommendation to extend Wica’s coverage to include platform workers. This will enhance financial support for these workers if they are injured.

We hope the committee will also consider other measures to support platform workers, such as introducing a “dependent contractor” employment category to the existing framework. The committee should study the experiences of other countries in expanding the range of employment categories and extending statutory labour protections to workers accordingly.

Kimberly Wong
Research Executive
AWARE

Change of Workplace Harassment and Discrimination Advisory Phone Number

Since 2019, AWARE’s Workplace Harassment and Discrimination Advisory (WHDA) has provided free advice and support (both practical and emotional) to individuals facing discrimination or harassment at the workplace.

Starting Tuesday, 12 July 2022, the WHDA phone number will be changed to 6777 0318. Those who call the previous number (6950 9191) will be directed to the new number.

All other details of the WHDA service remain the same: The phone line is open from Monday to Friday, 10am to 6pm. If you do not get through on the helpline, you may leave a voicemail or send an email instead to whda@aware.org.sg. Our advisor will get back to you as soon as possible.

We thank you for your understanding and apologise for any inconvenience caused by this change.